Current Status of Peacekeeping Mission in Mozambique: SADC’s Response to Insurgencies in Cabo Delgado

The picturesque coastal province of Cabo Delgado in northern Mozambique has been grappling with a relentless insurgency for the past few years. Armed groups, fueled by extremist ideologies, have wreaked havoc, causing loss of life, displacement, and instability. In response, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) has stepped up its efforts to restore peace and security. Let’s delve into the current status of the peacekeeping mission and its implications.

The Birth of SAMIM

The SADC Mission to Mozambique (SAMIM) was born out of necessity. Its mandate is clear:

1. Combat Terrorism: SAMIM aims to neutralize the terrorist threat in Cabo Delgado. It operates with the full consent of the Mozambican government, a crucial factor in its legitimacy¹.
2. Restore Security: The mission seeks to create a secure environment by restoring law and order in the affected areas of Cabo Delgado Province.
3. Humanitarian Relief: SAMIM collaborates with humanitarian agencies to provide relief to internally displaced persons (IDPs) affected by terrorist activities².

Rwanda’s Swift Intervention

In July 2021, Rwanda became the first foreign force to deploy against the insurgents. Within weeks, its troops cleared key areas previously held by militants. Their rapid action demonstrated the urgency of the situation and the need for international cooperation

Legal Basis and Implications

SAMIM’s Consent-Based Deployment

SAMIM operates with the full consent of the Mozambican government. Initially, there was resistance to SADC involvement, but Mozambique eventually embraced the deployment. The 2021 SADC Summit authorized SAMIM’s mission, aligning with the SADC Protocol on Politics, Defence, and Security Cooperation¹. This consensual approach has significant legal implications:

1. No UNSC Authorization Needed: Unlike enforcement actions, SAMIM’s deployment does not require United Nations Security Council (UNSC) authorization. Mozambique’s consent obviates the need for such authorization¹.
2. Collective Self-Defense: References to the SADC Mutual Defence Pact (the Pact) are noteworthy. However, the current circumstances do not fit the criteria for collective self-defense. Mozambique has not suffered an armed attack, and the insurgents’ actions do not constitute an external assault¹.

Challenges and the Way Forward

While SAMIM’s presence is crucial, challenges persist:

1. Insurgent Resilience: The insurgents adapt swiftly, making it difficult to eradicate them completely.
2. Humanitarian Crisis: IDPs continue to suffer, requiring sustained relief efforts.
3. Long-Term Stability: SAMIM’s success hinges on addressing underlying issues—poverty, governance, and radicalization.

Regional Cooperation and Beyond

SADC’s role extends beyond observation. Member states must collaborate, share intelligence, and pool resources. The African Union (AU) and other regional bodies should also engage, ensuring a holistic approach.

---

Note: The battle against insurgency is multifaceted. SAMIM’s efforts, combined with international support, can pave the way for a safer, more stable Cabo Delgado. 🕊️🌍